![]() ![]() Piezoelectricity of type I ( Minary-Jolandan and Yu, 2009) and type II ( Denning et al., 2014) collagen has been measured and reported as shear piezoelectric. ![]() Piezoelectricity is widely available in our body and plays a role in bone physiology due to a high concentration of collagen ( Ahn and Grodzinsky, 2009). This can be done, for example, by an electrical charge distribution in a piezoelectric substrate mediated by ultrasound across the MSC culture. As non-canonical Wnt signaling is also relevant to planar cell polarity ( Wallingford and Mitchell, 2011), one possible way to facilitate chondrogenesis from MSCs is to artificially induce cell polarity in MSCs with external stimuli. The Wnt signaling pathway is known to play a role in chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs ( Naito et al., 2015 Xie et al., 2018 Diederichs et al., 2019). Experimental evidence has shown that SOX9 plays a critical role in chondrogenesis, especially to secure chondrocyte lineage commitment ( Lefebvre and Dvir-Ginzberg, 2017). Different stimulations have been investigated to specify proper conditions for MSC differentiation into chondrocytes, including growth factors, cell-cell interaction, and biomaterials ( Yu et al., 2012). Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is seen as a crucial step in the regenerative tissue engineering approach for cartilage repair ( Somoza et al., 2014 Lolli et al., 2019 Kim et al., 2020) and for callus formation in bone fractures ( Einhorn and Gerstenfeld, 2015 Xue et al., 2019). ![]()
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